FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY OF PIPE-BORNE WATER TO HOUSEHOLDS IN CALABAR METROPOLIS, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Akintoye, Oluyemi Ayorinde; Olom Promise Peter; Awan Emmanuella Obianuju; Onuoha Edwin; Ajila Temilola Oluwatoyin; Ekeh Effiong; Ukata Samuel Uka; Ubong Edet Harrison; Tokunbo Alaga Olorundami; Akintoye Taiwo Adesola
Institute(s): 1,2,3,4,5,6 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faulty of Environmental Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; 7 Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; 8 Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State; 9 Department of Geography, School of Humanities, York St, John University, London Mayor Walk, Y031 7EX; 10 University of Calabar Main Library, Processing Unit, University of Calabar, Nigeria
Volume 4 / Issue 1
Abstract
This study examined water consumption patterns and the factors influencing water supply in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. The research assesses the impact of demographic variables such as age, household size, occupation, and income levels on water usage. Data from respondents indicate that younger individuals (18-30 years) and larger households have higher water consumption, while civil/public servants constitute the largest occupational group. Water use is particularly high in households with businesses related to food processing or cleaning services. Boreholes are the primary water source for 89.11% of households, while pipe-borne water is largely unavailable due to infrastructural shortcomings. The study further reveals that income levels significantly affect water consumption, with higher-income households using more water. The tested hypothesis using Analysis of Variance (ANOV A), confirmed a significant difference in consumption across income groups (p < 0.05). Water storage practices are common, with 89.67% of respondents storing water in drums or jerry cans due to unreliable supply. Additionally, water affordability is a key issue, with 73.06% of households reporting that portable water is unaffordable, and weekly water expenses varying between ₦260 and ₦2000. The study identifies institutional and governmental failures as major barriers to consistent pipe-borne water supply. Recommendations include expanding water distribution kiosks, enhancing water infrastructure, and implementing strategies to address governance challenges. These measures are crucial to improving equitable wa
Number of Pages: 19
Number of Words: 7381
First Page: 71
Last Page: 90